Posterior Cruciate Ligament: Current Concepts Review
ABJS 2018 The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is the largest and strongest ligament in the human knee, and the primary posterior stabilizer. Recent anatomy and biomechanical studies have provided an improved understanding of PCL function. PCL injuries are typically combined [...]
Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries of the Knee at the National Football League Combine: An Imaging and Epidemiology Study
Purpose: To determine the epidemiology by player position, examination, imaging findings, and associated injuries of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries in players participating in the National Football League (NFL) Combine. Methods: All PCL injuries identified at the NFL Combine (2009-2015) [...]
Anatomic Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: State of the Art
JISAKOS 2016 The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is recognized to be the main posterior stabilizer of the knee. PCL injuries are most commonly associated with concurrent ligament injuries and also with a high prevalence of chondral and meniscal injuries. Recent [...]
Quantifiable Imaging Biomarkers for Evaluation of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament Using 3-T Magnetic Resonance Imaging
OJSM 2016 Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, such as T2 and T2 star (T2*) mapping, have been used to evaluate ligamentous tissue in vitro and to identify significant changes in structural integrity of a healing ligament. These studies lay [...]
Emerging Updates on the Posterior Cruciate Ligament
AJSM 2015 The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is recognized as an essential stabilizer of the knee. However, the complexity of the ligament has generated controversy about its definitive role and the recommended treatment after injury. A proper understanding of the [...]
The Supine Internal Rotation Test
OJSM 2015 Biomechanical studies have reported that the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) functions as a restraint against excessive tibial internal rotation at higher degrees of knee flexion. The purpose of this study is to investigate the use of a supine [...]
Posterior Cruciate Ligament Graft Fixation Angles, Part II
AJSM 2014 Prior studies have suggested that anatomic double-bundle (DB) posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (PCLR) reduces residual laxity compared with the intact state better than single-bundle PCLR. Although the anterolateral bundle (ALB) and posteromedial bundle (PMB) reportedly act codominantly, few [...]
Posterior Cruciate Ligament Graft Fixation Angles, Part I
AJSM 2014 Currently, no consensus exists for the optimal graft fixation angle for anatomic single-bundle (SB) posterior cruciate ligament reconstructions (PCLRs). Additionally, direct graft forces have not been measured. Alternative graft fixation angles and the resultant graft forces should be [...]
Quantification of Functional Brace Forces for Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries on the Knee Joint: an In Vivo Investigation
KSSTA 2014 The purpose of this study is to counteract posterior translation of the tibia with an anterior force on the posterior proximal tibia that has been demonstrated clinically to improve posterior knee laxity following posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injury. [...]
Radiographic Landmarks for Tunnel Positioning in Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructions
AJSM 2013 Consistent radiographic guidelines for tunnel placement in single or double-bundle posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstructions are not well defined. Quantitative guidelines reporting the location of the individual PCL bundle attachments would aid in intraoperative tunnel placement and postoperative [...]
Posterior Cruciate Ligament Tears – Functional and Postop Rehab
KSSTA 2012 This study evaluated the current literature for both functional and post-operative rehabilitation for PCL tears. A very comprehensive summary of the current treatment for acute PCL tears, both non-operatively and operatively, as well as post-operative treatment of PCL reconstructions was [...]
Historical Perspective of PCL Bracing
KSSTA 2012 This manuscript went into detail about the history of PCL braces, why PCL braces are needed, and what future research is necessary to improve on PCL bracing. Basically, we found that most current braces do not place sufficient force on [...]
Arthroscopic Anatomy of the PCL
THE JOURNAL OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERY 2012 The clock-face method to identify the femoral posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) attachment has poor accuracy and reproducibility. Measurements of clinically relevant anatomic structures would provide more useful surgical guidance. The purpose of this [...]
Double Bundle PCL Technique and Outcomes
THE JOURNAL OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERY 2011 A variety of techniques have been developed to improve clinical outcomes and objective knee stability following posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction. Additional refinements in surgical and rehabilitation techniques are necessary for improvement [...]
Radiographic Identification of the Primary Medial Knee Structures
JOURNAL OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERY 2009 Radiographic landmarks for medial knee attachment sites during anatomic repairs or reconstructions are unknown. If identified, they could assist in the preoperative evaluation of structure location and allow for postoperative assessment of reconstruction [...]
Kneeling Stress Radiographs for the Evaluation of Posterior Knee Laxity
AJSM 2008 Stress radiography provides an objective tool to measure posterior knee instability. Intraobserver and interobserver reliability has been reported for the Telos device, but it has not been studied using the kneeling technique. Download Full Article
Posterior Cruciate Ligament – Current Concepts
AAOS INSTRUCTIONAL COURSE LECTURES 2002 Understanding of posterior cuciate ligament (PCL) injuries of the knee has increased in large part because of a better understanding of the anatomy and biomechanics of the PCL and the posterolateral corner. More careful clinical [...]